These models are based on Tom Conroy’s The Movement of the Book Spine (1987) and his workshop. The four models were sewn using different sewing structures to examine how book spines move and open depending on the sewing supports and structures. To ensure comparability, all variables except for the sewing supports and stitches were controlled—for example, the same paper type and number of sections were used. Understanding spine movement after treatment is crucial in book conservation. While many factors influence spine movement, these models isolate and demonstrate the effects of sewing structure. The four structures are:

• Model I – sewn on tapes
• Model II (unpacked) – sewn on single cords
• Model III (packed) – sewn on single cords
• Model IV (unpacked) – sewn on double cords

After drying for a few days, the opening characteristics of each model were observed. A clear difference emerged between the models sewn on tapes, single cords (packed and unpacked), and double cords. The book sewn on tapes had the sharpest and highest throw-up, while the book sewn on double cords exhibited the least throw-up.

For the sewing supports used in these models (and other book models), I made hand-twisted cords using linen threads and a hand drill. These cords are easy to make, strong, and customizable in thickness and length. Additionally, I created a cord library documenting different thread gauges, thread counts, and divisions.

This binding project was guided by Ann Lindsey.